|
Statsvetare- They are not more European than we are. They
are just more federal. State of The Union
Vad är det som har en flagga, en nationaldag, en nationalsång, en militärstyrka, ett parlament och en högsta domstol. En stat, naturligtvis. Vad är det mer en stat har? Jo, en valuta. Det är därför europas ledande politiker har infört euron. Rolf Englund Internet 20/1 2003 Either political integration catches up with economic integration, or economic integration needs to be scaled back. Det är beklagligt att statsvetarna deltar så lite i diskussionen om eurokrisen. Europe’s hubristic imperial overstretch Depression and Democracy Jürgen Habermas: "Zur Verfassung Europas" ("On Europe's Constitution") is the name of his new book, which is basically a long essay in which he describes how the essence of our democracy has changed under the pressure of the crisis and the frenzy of the markets. . "On July 22, 2011, (German Chancellor) Angela Merkel and (French President) Nicolas Sarkozy agreed to a vague compromise -- which is certainly open to interpretation -- between German economic liberalism and French etatism," he writes. "All signs indicate that they would both like to transform the executive federalism enshrined in the Lisbon Treaty into an intergovernmental supremacy of the European Council that runs contrary to the spirit of the agreement." Habermas refers to the system that Merkel and Sarkozy have established during the crisis as a "post-democracy." “Sovereignty”, the “British Constitution”, our “democracy”, “self-government” * - To Be, Or Not To Be A Country - that is the question Politikerna inom EU har inte vågat diskutera det fortsatta ekonomiska samarbetet med befolkningen. Niklas Bremberg poängterar att en ny situation är på väg, med euroskepticism i södra Europa. Skepticismen finns redan i norr där Sverige, Storbritannien och Danmark står utanför eurosamarbetet. Och länder som Tyskland knorrar över att behöva betala kalaset när andra länder behöver stöd.
Kommentar av Rolf Englund: Deras plan är att lura in oss, på något sätt. Om unionen ska överleva på sikt krävs en bättre demokratisk förankring än i dag Svenska Dagbladet, Nationalstaten, Kungen och Europas Förenta Stater The political foundations for union were never laid. Governments kept building higher and higher regardless. But the architects did not even have the brains to choose the second. They recognized no limits to their ambitions. They set about creating a union that was both broad and deep. A federal constitution, a parliament, a powerful central executive, one central bank, one currency - all with no binding sense of European identity. As for scale, well, the bigger the better. Today Greece, tomorrow Turkey. And why stop there? Madness. Clive Crook is a senior editor of The Atlantic, a columnist for National Journal, and a commentator for the Financial Times. He worked at The Economist for nearly 20 years, including 11 years as deputy editor. The Atlantic Journal May 13, 2010 Right now Europe may be embarking on a path that could tilt the union away from economic liberalism, Dagens Nyheter: EU har ännu ingen helt gemensam skattepolitik Euro remains on the right side of history The architects of the euro knew that it was incomplete when they designed it. With hindsight, however, one can identify other deficiencies in the euro of which its architects were unaware. A currency supposed to bring convergence has produced divergences instead. That is because the founders did not realise that imbalances may emerge not only in the public sphere but also in the private sector. Andrew Duff MEP writes in the FT that the EU was “slithering” into a fiscal union. He writes that fiscal union is not the right answer to the crisis, but the only answer. He supports Germany in one respect. Any move towards fiscal union requires treaty change. Europe slithers towards fiscal union By Andrew Duff FT December 8 2010 The EU has taken its most decisive step towards becoming a genuine unitary State, That one of the most controversial decisions in modern European history has been taken with almost no public awareness or debate is a tribute to the top-down style of government perfected by the EU’s political elites. The EU version of elitist representative democracy, despite its apparent drawbacks, may go down in history as a more successful mechanism for managing the complex compromises demanded in a world of huge geopolitical change than the more populist US and British models. European leaders realised that a Greek default would trigger a run on every bank not only in that country, but also in Ireland, Portugal, Spain and Central Europe. This, in turn, would lead to the collapse of most businesses in the peripheral eurozone countries, bringing down many financial institutions in Italy, France and Germany. In days, if not hours, euros in the banks of Greece, Spain and Italy would be worth a fraction of those in German and Dutch banks. In effect, the euro would cease to exist. Europe was on the edge of a precipice on the night of May 9 this year, just like the US on the night of September 14, 2008, before Lehman was declared bankrupt. Göran Persson varnar för EU-federalism Germany is now actively (and very secretly) pushing for a plan outlining a set of insolvency rules, In 1998, four renegade German professors tried to stop the introduction of the euro with a legal challenge in Germany's highest court. Fundamental doubts have been raised about the future of the euro and even the European project itself.
Joakim Palme tycker att Greklandskrisen belyser svagheterna med valutasamarbetet EMU. Never-closer union The traditional response of EU-enthusiasts to such challenges is to press for a bold leap towards closer union. Neither European voters nor their elected governments want this. If anything, public opinion favours the reverse. For the European project to survive another 60 years, the key is flexibility, in both directions. Just as Britain is leaving the EU, another country might one day leave the euro. Any such step will be hard to manage. Either political integration catches up with economic integration, or economic integration needs to be scaled back. From the very beginning, Europe was built on a “functionalist” argument: political integration would follow economic integration. Juncker’s white paper opens appropriately with a 1950 quote from the European Economic Community founder (and French prime minister) Robert Schuman: “Europe will not be made all at once, or according to a single plan. It will be built through concrete achievements which first create a de facto solidarity.” he French thought that shifting economic authority to bureaucrats in Brussels would enhance French national power and global prestige. Pessimists, on the other hand, will hope that in the corridors of power in Berlin and Paris, in some deep, dark corner, economists and lawyers are secretly readying a plan B to deploy for the day when loosening the economic union can no longer be postponed. Dani Rodrik is Professor of International Political Economy at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government. He is the author of The Globalization Paradox: Democracy and the Future of the World Economy and, most recently, Economics Rules: The Rights and Wrongs of the Dismal Science. "ever closer union" - The United States of Europe Behind the drama in Europe lies a global crisis Though barely reported on this side of the Atlantic, this vote could have enormous consequences – such as preventing the fund from providing its share of the grand European bail-out package announced with such fanfare last week, which amounts to a third of the trillion-dollar total. For the first time in many years, the technocrats who run our economies are realising that the main barrier to resolving a crisis and reinstating business-as-usual is not so much our ability to afford it, but our populations' willingness to pay. The rule of thumb here is as follows: of the three aims we have been striving towards in recent history – democracy, national sovereignty and global free trade – you cannot have any more than two at any one time. This is what Professor Dani Rodrik of Harvard University calls the "policy trilemma. When Churchill tried to revive the gold standard in the 1920s, at the cost of deflation and depression in the UK, the public revolted. Unless they intend to embrace totalitarianism, Europe's members will eventually have to abandon either their national sovereignty or globalisation itself. Globalisation - Dani Rodrik and the "policy trilemma - Churchill's "worst ever mistake" Det är svåra tider för oss som röstade ja till euron. Nils Lundgren konstaterade att han inte är förvånad över den utveckling som varit och han förutspådde att det nu skulle införas strängare regler för valutaunionen. Romarriket var onekligen en välskött och välreglerad valutaunion Otmar Issing: "In the first century AD,a merchant setting off from Rome on a journey to Cologne was able to pay his bills with the same coin, the denarius, over his entire journey. Demokratiproblemet: Det svenska EU-medlemskapet 1994 har mer än något annat bidragit till internationaliseringen. Vid seminariet i går välkomnade de närvarande före detta statsministrarna utvecklingen. Och det är lätt att instämma i deras allmänna Europaentusiasm. Men det hade varit klädsamt om någon av deltagarna också tagit upp det tillhörande demokratiproblemet: att den svenska regeringschefen numera fattar avgörande beslut i ett EU-forum som saknar öppenhet och insyn – och att detta forum fått mer och mer makt i EU. På bekostnad av nationalstaterna ställdes Europa i förgrunden och försågs med ett mycket operativt mål: freden var tvungen att säkras. Aldrig mer krig. Barroso modig som har vågat röra vid pudeln kärna i debatten om eurons och unionens ekonomiska framtid. Tyskland och Frankrike säger sig alltid vara för större ekonomisk kontroll, bara inte över just deras finanser. Detsamma gäller för de flesta. Och att peka på ett grannland som redovisar fula siffror och utmäta straff är känsligt i det konsensusfixerade och diplomatiskt tå-tippande EU I Grekland-krisens kvarnar mals motståndet mot ökad överstatlighet ned. Nils Lundgren, tidigare chefekonom på Nordbanken samt tidigare europaparlamentariker och partiledare för Junilistan säger: "Vad var det vi sa!" I en debattartikel i Aftonbladet från 2003 varnar en rad nejsägare just för överstatlighet på finanspolitikens område. - Alla - både EMU-förespråkare och kritiker – har varit överens om att unionen bara är halvbyggd, säger Klas Eklund. – Jag tror att det är fullständigt otänkbart. Det skulle ställa helt orealistiska krav på solidariteten i EU. Klas Eklund - Margit Gennser - Lars Calmfors Federalisterna, Jugoslavien, Annika Ström Melin och Göran Persson Hur ser du på Europas framtid? Beskriver du dig, likt Malmström, som federalist? – Ja aboslut. Jag tycker att det är viktigt att vi får ett smalare och vassare EU. EU ska syssla med rätt saker. Bryssel ska inte bestämma över svenska förskolor eller vår äldreomsorg till exempel, det ska vi bestämma på hemmaplan. Däremot är viktigt att vi har en gemensam valuta, och att alla länder samarbetar ekonomiskt. Birgitta Ohlsson svarar på SvD.se:s läsarfrågor 6 april 2010 In a landmark judgment in 1993, the constitutional court ruled that, once it came into force, monetary union had continuously to satisfy the full conditions of the “stabilisation treaty” Är Sverige med i motståndsrörelsen? Setbacks for Merkel at the European Union Summit Ska EU ha en ”ekonomisk regering” är det i alla fall inte Frankrike som ska styra den. Merkel, Sarkozy Paper Over Differences Before EU Summit Merkel appears to have successfully resisted Sarkozy's demand for the 16 countries belonging to the European common currency union to set up a common economic government with its own secretariat. The 27 members of the European Union should regard themselves as "a kind of economic government," Merkel told a joint news conference with Sarkozy after the meeting. Sarkozy said: "We must proceed pragmatically. We each took a step in the other's direction." RE: Jfr "Steg för steg skall vi införa socialism, men vi skall inte basunera ut det på gator och torg". EU-staten införs, inte genom ett klart och tydligt beslut, utan genom "de små stegens tyranni", eller, som det öppet kallas i EU-jargongen, Monnet-strategin EU leaders will tomorrow meet in Brussels for a crucial summit. Head of Open Europe's Brussels office, Pieter Cleppe, said: Brussels proposes ‘eurotaxes’ to fund EU Weary of relying on money transfers from cash-strapped national governments for its funding, the European Union will next month table proposals to finance more of its activities through a raft of dedicated EU-wide taxes, in proposals that met on Monday with stiff resistance from some member states. The European Commission intends to show how new “eurotaxes” on banks, financial transactions, air travel and carbon permits could help meet a bigger share of the bloc’s annual budget, thus reducing regular payments from national treasuries, officials said. Logiken i det hela rör sig i federativ riktning... Sch! säger Kohl åt mig när jag tar upp det. Dessutom var det känt att finansminister Gunnar Sträng redan tidigt uttalat att socialdemokraterna steg för steg skulle socialisera, men inte basunera ut detta på gator och torg. Euro crisis reaches the Rubicon The focus remains on debt and its supposed cure – austerity. Yet the only satisfactory cure for macro debt problems comes from economic growth, and growth requires more spending. Within the euro, for Greece there is nothing but bleak depression as far as the eye can see. Outside the euro, there would still need to be austerity and some sort of default, but with a lower currency there would at least be the prospect of a boost to net exports. And this is, after all, the time-honoured IMF prescription for countries in Greece's predicament. Before last week's Greek climb-down, both Sarkozy and Chancellor Merkel said that if Greece failed to accept the bailout package then she would have to leave the euro – and even the EU. Now the cat is out of the bag. In future phases of this crisis, it will be impossible to pretend that the euro is necessarily forever – all for one and one for all. The seventeen musketeers may not stick together after all. This is dynamite. The monetary union may behave more like a fixed exchange rate bloc, where the markets incessantly look for signs that one or more members might leave and therefore market rates of interest embody a devaluation risk. It is deliciously ironic that last week's threat to the euro came from the prospect of a vote – and in the very country that introduced democracy to the world. Most economic historians and international economists I know believe a monetary union would fail unless it develops into a fiscal union. So why not shift responsibility for all systemically relevant banks – not just the cross-border banks – to the EU? Top of pageThe accord masks a bitter struggle between Germany and a French-led bloc over the future shape of Europe. Chancellor Angela Merkel has halted at the Rubicon. German and Dutch leaders have concluded in the nick of time that they cannot defy the will of their sovereign parliaments by propping up a country that lied about its deficits, or risk court defeats by breaching the no-bail-out clause in Article 125 of the EU Treaties. Chancellor Angela Merkel has halted at the Rubicon. So has Dutch premier Jan Peter Balkenende, as well he might in charge of a broken government facing elections in a country where far-right leader Geert Wilders is the second political force, and where the Tweede Kamer has categorically blocked loans for Greece. There will be no inevitable move to fiscal federalism; no EU treasury or economic government; no debt union. It is Stalingrad for the federalist camp and the institutions of the permanent EU government. I remember hearing Joschka Fischer, then German Vice-Chancellor, telling Euro-MPs a decade ago that EMU was “a quantum leap ... creating an inexorable federal logic”. Such views were in vogue then. /SvD tiger medan Joscha Fischer kräver franskt-tysk ledarskap The IMF option has its limits too. The maximum ever lent by the Fund is 12 times quota, or €15bn for Greece, not enough to nurse the country through to June. Full text of this excellent article Grekland - EMU Collapse/Spricker - Tyskland The fact that we can occupy the posts of neither the president or chief economist only How can Germany or France agree lightly to plans that amount to an EU debt union, with a common treasury, tax system, and budget policy, the stuff of civil wars and revolutions over the ages? To do so is to dismantle the ancient nation states of Europe in all but name. Ambrose Evans-Pritchard, 12 Dec 2010 Even if Chancellor Merkel wished to take this course – and even if the Bundestag approved it – the scheme would still be torn to pieces by the German constitutional court unless legitimised by radical EU treaty changes, which would in turn take years, require referenda, and face populist revolt in half Europe. Hans-Werner Sinn, head of Germany IFO institute: Any attempt to prop up the status quo will cement the current account imbalances of EMU’s North and South, to the detriment of both sides. “I doubt that the current leaders of Europe fully understand the economic implications of their decisions. They are repeating the mistakes that Germany made over reunification,” he told the Handelsblatt. It is no surprise to eurosceptics that Europe should have reached this fateful point where leaders must choose between the twin traumas of EMU break-up or giving up their countries. Nor is it a surprise to an inner-core of schemers within the EU system, who have always calculated that they could exploit such a crisis to catalyse political union. However, it is a big surprise to Europe’s leaders, and they do not know what to do about it. Göran Persson varnar för EU-federalism EMU - Ett illa genomtänkt fullskaleexperiment *
The nuclear option The euro's founding fathers have for now won their strategic bet that monetary union would one day force EU states to create the machinery needed to make it work, or put another way that Germany would go along rather than squander its half-century investment in Europe's power-war order. Credit specialists in Frankfurt, London, and New York feared a blow-up by Thursday afternoon, when ECB president Jean-Claude Trichet said the bank's council had not even discussed the `nuclear option' of buying Club Med bonds. The ECB seemed to be on another planet. Nu hörs allt starkare röster på mer av gemensam finanspolitik. Otmar Issing om Europas ödestimma nu Grekpaketet handlar om bankstöd och imperiebyggande. A few other comments Does nobody read German any more? In my view, the House of Lords should strike down any EU law that breaches our constitutional tradition (Magna Carta, Bill of Rights, etc) and damn the torpedoes. Is this funny, or not? Hitler och den Habsburgska Unionen (HU) I den utmärkta tidskriften Fokus, den 28 augusti 2009, publiceras ett utdrag ur en ny bok av den engelske historikern Richard Overy imperiet, beväpnad med en ny ekonomisk modell som kallades Grossraumwirtschaft (en gemensam marknad för ett stort område). Rolf Englund blog 9/9 2009 Germany’s constitutional court ruled that the Lisbon treaty was consistent with German law. Demokrati blir mest ett hinder Två av våra djupast liggande övertygelser – tron på vikten av personlig integritet och att överenskomna regler ska följas – visar sig i praktiken inte vara mycket värda. Det andra som var djupt sårande för rättskänslan var de olika huvudstädernas besked om att irländarnas tillbakavisande av Lissabonfördraget sist och slutligen inget betyder. A small group of politicians - The "Amato Group" - have published a repackaged treaty The European Question and the National Interest The European Question and the National Interest Germany in their revived bid to create an EU superstate. Perhaps most bizarre would be the Northern Periphery region, lumping together the population of north-west Scotland with their very distant cousins in Norway, Sweden, Finland, Greenland and Iceland. I detta meddelande redogörs för metoderna vid genomförandet av det interregionala samarbetet enligt del C i gemenskapsinitiativet Interreg III för perioden 2000-2006 (Interreg III C). Gemenskapsinitiativet Interreg III (2000-2006) har till syfte att stärka den ekonomiska och sociala sammanhållningen i europeiska unionen (EU). Gränsregionalt, transnationellt och interregionalt samarbete främjar integration och en balanserad och harmonisk utveckling i Europa. Kommentar av Rolf Englund: Det handlar helt
enkelt om att vinna folklig förståelse för det europeiska projektet, en förståelse vars nuvarande omfattning ingen i dag vågar uttala sig om med bestämdhet Vad är en europé? Att ställa frågan till sig själv är möjligen av intresse, men om någon annan gör det kan denna fråga bli obehaglig Denna tankefigur hör hemma i 1800-talet då de europeiska nationalstaterna växte fram. Men dagens europeiska projekt kan inte innebära att vi återvänder till ett nationalistiskt 1800-talsprogram som i dagens Europa skulle innebära sönderfall och egoistisk kraftlöshet. Ett Europa huvudsakligen byggt på nationalstatens logik vore en nostalgisk utopi. Varje analogi mellan EU och nationalstatens uppkomst måste leda fel: Europa har ingen själ, inget hjärta, ingen fastslagen form, låter sig inte reduceras till geografi, européen inte fixeras med hjälp av religion, språk och knappast ens genom kultur. Inte heller kan nationalstatens modell kopieras i större skala som förebild för det europeiska projektet. EU siktar inte till en statsbildning, trots symboler ur det förgångna som flagga, president, parlament och Beethovens nionde symfoni; bara några enstaka entusiaster och en betydligt större skara motståndare till projektet har fantasier om en sådan superstat. Europa består uteslutande av större eller mindre minoriteter och EU kan tills vidare bara erbjuda en sofistikerad form för europeiskt samarbete med överstatliga inslag, sui generis. Varken mer eller mindre. Farligt, därför att föreställningen om ett Europa, sammansmält till en federal statsbildning - ett slags Europas förenta stater - bygger på en utopi som ska fullbordas och varje utopi riskerar att sluta i det totalitära. Men Europa släpar redan på ett hypotek av komprometterade utopiska visioner; det var så Hitler och Stalin för inte så länge sedan försökte skapa sina europeiska välden. Carl Bildt, Josef Stalin, Lissabon och Fem-årsplanerna Jag ser ingen annan historisk möjlighet att säkra fred och frihet än att successivt bygga en federation av nationalstater mellan Ryssland och Atlanten, Ishavet och Medelhavet. Det är målsättningen om ett ständigt fastare förbund - "ever closer union" som är själva grundbultsfelet med EU. Socialismen var en utopistisk och deterministisk ideologi. Fädernedsländernas Europa - Jag vill inte ha en federativ utveckling. Svenska folket har inte gått med i en federation. EMU kan mycket väl komma att kräva en europeisk finanspolitik. En sådan är inte möjlig att utveckla, om den ska vara kraftfull, utan att man också bygger upp europeiska, gemensamma politiska organ. Fp-vision för framtidens EU: Medan Göran Persson står på partikongressen och talar om att EU ska bli en motvikt till det internationella kapitalet, undrar hans väljare varför regeringen gått med på att den fria rörligheten inom EU hittills skett på sådana villkor att den möjliggör lönedumpning och undergräver statliga monopol. It is time to set aside the tired debate pitting Europe against the nation state. Forced to choose between the two, voters in France, the Netherlands and elsewhere will not hesitate to opt for the national alternative. Som Jakub Swiecicki betonat i EU - avgrund eller avstamp? (Världspolitikens dagsfrågor 2005:7-8) finns det grundfrågor att tala om. Det var redan i Maastricht 1991 som det hela gick snett. The fear that QMV will be used to railroad reluctant countries into decisions not in their interests is not the fevered fantasy of British euroskeptics.
The rejection of the constitutional treaty by the voters of France and the Netherlands gives the European Union a chance to reconsider its future. EMU - Ett illa genomtänkt fullskaleexperiment
Myntunion utan fiskal union äventyrar
demokratin The Aachen Memorandum Göran Persson:"Euro-omröstningen mitt största
beslut" EN EUROPEISK
NATION ELLER NATIONERNAS EUROPA? Deklarationen av den 9 maj
1950 Regeringen erkänner att lagligheten i riksdagens ratificering av Nice-fördraget kan ifrågasättas. Does the euro entail closer
political integration? Konventet Italys eurosceptic economy minister Giulio
Tremonti: Nytt BBC page about EU Constitution Se inte bara till
kronor och ören ( EMU-utredningen) Regeringens
proposition om ratificering av Nice-fördaget Ur Regeringsformen 8:15 The referendum is a device viewed with suspicion by those who believe in representative government. Desillusionerade Europaanhängare längtar efter en djupare mening med den gemensamma valutan, strukturfonderna och sjätte momsdirektivet. Journalisten Kerstin Vinterheds nya bok Politicians will not take Non for an answer One year after those double No votes, Europe’s ruling classes are busy devising ways to bring the constitutional treaty back to life, with the aim of reviving all or part of it by 2009. In a taut legal style laced with political nous, Piris explains how the EU got into this mess and how it might get out of it. He should know: Piris is the insider’s insider and is at the heart of the operation to salvage the constitution he helped draft. He would start by ditching the confusing name “constitution”. Combined with the treaty’s article I-8 – which describes the EU’s star-spangled blue flag; anthem (“Ode to Joy”); motto (“unity in diversity”); and Europe day (May 9) – it is easy to see how the title of an otherwise dry text might raise hackles among eurosceptics. "On the one hand, some Euro-enthusiasts claim to be disappointed that the new treaty does not deliver on its promises because the actual content of the so-called ‘constitution’ does not correspond to the grandeur of the name," he writes. "On the other hand, the Euro-sceptics denounce the symbols which have been retained as an alleged proof of yet another undemocratic plot towards the creeping transformation of the EU into a state." Sceptics and enthusiasts for the European Union are united in one thing: they do not like muddle. It should have soft borders rather than hard ones, multiple overlapping structures rather than neat tidy ones. That would have seemed very familiar to the continent's inhabitants in the centuries before democracy, capitalism and nation-states. Mr Zielonka believes that modern market economies too can co-exist and co-operate in a neo-medieval framework. Some will have the same currency, some may share military alliances, others will co-operate in law enforcement, but there will be no one single model, because there cannot be. Mr Zielonka was born in Poland, and his polemical book is shaped by the idea that the eastward enlargement of the EU is not only unstoppable (not just Turkey but Ukraine too), but has changed forever the ordered world of the old EU. The new union is too big and too inchoate to act like a state, now or ever. Instead of “fortress Europe”, he argues, there will be “maze Europe”. Mr Zielonka's model would work more smoothly if there were an outside guarantor of free trade and competition, especially if perceived to have divine authority. A medieval empire with a free-market papacy? Perhaps Brussels is worth a mass. Politicians must retrieve power from Europe In a parliamentary democracy such as Britain, we expect our elected MPs to hold the government to account and to influence the shape of its legislation. However, when it comes to EU legislation – which now accounts for half of the UK’s new laws – our parliament has no power to affect these decisions in any meaningful way. As well as a shift of power from Britain to the European level, this also means a huge shift of power from parliament to the government. The current system allows the government to sign up to EU legislation in Brussels without first gaining agreement from UK parliament. Often parliament is not even given time to discuss the issues. When parliament specifically asks the government for time to debate a new EU law, the government increasingly chooses to use the so-called “override” mechanism to avoid parliamentary scrutiny. As a new pamphlet from the think-tank Open Europe points out, the problem is not the lack of effort by MPs to hold the EU and the government to account. It is the current system, which gives MPs at Westminster no real power to affect EU decisions. Several practical measures could help give MPs an early “heads up” on forthcoming EU proposals. For example, the Open Europe report suggests that MPs should hold a weekly question time with the UK’s permanent representative in Brussels. That might help get away from what Digby Jones as CBI director called the “fait accompli attitude”. Better scrutiny at Westminster could help change the entire culture of Britain’s relationship with Brussels. Journalists often complain that it is difficult to make EU affairs newsworthy. Introducing the threat that the government might not be allowed to sign up to what it wants would certainly raise their interest in EU business. That, in turn, could boost public interest and involvement. EU-medlemskapet har inneburit att Regeringsformen ger en falsk bild av hur Sverige styrs idag. Austrian chancellor Wolfgang Schussel has kicked off his country's presidency of the EU with criticism on the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for systematically expanding EU powers through its rulings. Om boken "EU och Sverige" (Liber) av Magnus Blomgren
och Torbjörn Bergman Fil dr Magnus Blomgren och professor Torbjörn Bergman forskar och undervisar vid Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, Umeå universitet. "Gud lever och mår bra. Han arbetar dock på ett mindre ambitiöst projekt". Så lär det stå som graffiti på en vägg i Oxford. The writer is a senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Washington and author of America Right or Wrong: An Anatomy of American Nationalism The Idea of Europe The United States, it is often said, is more of an idea than a place. It is an idea that has compelled millions of people from every nation to come and join in a grand experiment of human liberty and opportunity. Let's start with a powerful quote from James Dale Davidson and Lord William Rees-Mogg in one of my all-time favorite books, The Sovereign Individual. You may want to read it twice, as it is quite profound. Remember that they presciently wrote it in 1997, but it is even more relevant today [emphasis mine]: "Market forces, not political majorities, will compel societies to reconfigure themselves in ways that public opinion will neither comprehend nor welcome." For the first time, respectable voices - i.e., those deemed respectable by the European elite - are raising serious questions about the future of the euro. The issue is not really so much the future of the currency as the fact that, in May, the euro's future became a reasonable topic of conversation. "As of May 2005, there is no Europe. There is France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland and so on. As sovereign countries, they have entered into a series of important economic agreements. But none of these countries have abandoned their sovereignty. Decisions on war and peace or lesser foreign policy issues remain in their hands, not in those of Brussels. It is unlikely that any broad consensus on any of these issues will be reached by all of Europe, and anyone basing their policies on what "Europe" will do will be as misguided as those basing policies on what "Asia" will do. These are geographic and to some extent cultural expressions. The idea of Europe has no geopolitical meaning." The Sovereign Individual: Mastering the Transition to the Information Age Ingmar Karlsson: EN EUROPEISK NATION ELLER NATIONERNAS EUROPA? Det var inte ett rop på fred och enhet från en bred folklig rörelse som drev fram första steget mot europeisk integration. "No Reason to Sacrifice Sovereignty" I Frankrike, i Holland där frågan nu är aktuell värjer sig medborgarna. Jag tycker det är olyckligt att de kallar det för en konstitution Enligt tidningen Süddeutsche Zeitung ska EU-författningen föras upp i den tyska Författningsdomstolen Enligt tidningen Süddeutsche Zeitung ska EU-författningen föras upp i den tyska Författningsdomstolen, landets högsta rättsliga instans. Det tyska folket har egentligen inte frånhänt sig några befogenheter, argumenterade domstolen. Dessa är bara utlånade. Unionen är ett provisorium. Därigenom kränks inte den tyska demokratin. Britter och svenskar har ett viktigt gemensamt Europaintresse, Sverker Gustavsson: det borde krävas ett beslut om grundlagsändring i Sverige,
vilket innebär krav på två likalydande riksdagsbeslut med val emellan. The dangers of a contradictory constitution
Det är lika roligt för en
samhällsintresserad att möta serien Europaperspektiv som för en
varm fjällvandrare att komma till en porlande bäck. Klart, svalkande,
uppiggande. Det är lika roligt för en samhällsintresserad att
möta serien Europaperspektiv som för en varm fjällvandrare att
komma till en porlande bäck. Klart, svalkande, uppiggande. Serien ges ut
av förlaget Santérus och tre universitetsnätverk för
Europaforskning. 2002 kom förra volymen, och handlade om maktkonkurrensen
mellan olika politiska nivåer inom EU. Årets upplaga EU,
skattera och välfärden har ämnet mitt i prick när
den kommer ut just då social turism och
övergångsregler diskuteras senfärdigt men hett. Kommer välfärdsstater av nordisk typ kunna överleva i ett enat Europa? Ska alla stater förena sig i minimiregler för utjämnade skatteutgifter och bidrag? Eller leder konkurrensen mellan staterna till ett tävlingslopp mot botten när det gäller skatteuttag och offentlig välfärd? Att någon författare urskiljer motsvarande tävling nedåt mellan svenska kommuner är ju på ett sätt lite uppmuntrande. Intressant nog framställs alla de statliga regleringar som styr dagens kommuner som en garanti för att dessa håller skattetrycket uppe och inte börjar konkurrera med varandra om tillväxtförutsättningar. Ja, så kan man ju också se på regleringarna. Tänkvärda är resonemangen om människors europainställning i stort. Här i Norden ses EU mest som ett högerprojekt, mer eller mindre nyliberalt, med marknaden som huvudidé. I Sydeuropa är EU snarare ett vänsterprojekt, ett alternativ för politik mot marknad. Lika tänkvärt är att läsa om jämförelserna mellan EG-domstolen i Luxemburg och USA:s högsta domstol. EG-domstolens makt växer allt mer, och den har en tydlig vilja att vidga marknaderna till nya områden, exempelvis sjukvård. Ärt det bra med en så stark domstolsmakt på politiskt kontroversiella områden? Innan man kan svara måste man veta hur det egentligen är, och det får man effektivt reda på här. Alla kommer nog inte vilja tugga i sig de 234 täta sidorna. Men den som ska skriva, lära ut eller tycka om EU, bör nog göra det. Europe must clarify its goals The most pressing issue is the need to give the people of Europe a genuine sense of participation in and identification with the European project. If the EU is to answer its critics who say it is too remote from ordinary people, the uneasy coexistence of Parliament, Commission and Council will have to be replaced. Instead, there should be a commission appointed by an elected parliament. Alongside, and serving as a second chamber, a European senate composed of representatives of individual states would act as a countervailing power, but without the rights of individual country vetoes or the secrecy that currently rules in the European Council of Ministers. full text FAREED ZAKARIA has a Big Idea. The world, he
says, is suffering from a surfeit of democracy. The claim is topical, certainly, and it has profound policy implications. But is it right? Mr Zakaria's case rests on three claims: that democracy and liberty are not the same; that policymakers and the public overlook institutions and patterns of behaviour that embody liberty, while exaggerating the virtues of those that build democracy; andmost importantthat democracy has spread so far that it is now eroding liberty. Mr Zakaria asserts that elected governments claiming to represent the people have steadily encroached on the powers and rights of other elements of society, such as the courts, local government and the press. In other words, democracy and liberty are not merely different. They are not merely developing at different speeds. Democracy is now spreading at the expense of liberty by feeding ethnic hatreds, precipitating wars or undermining the institutions of liberty. Speech by Dr Carl-Johan Westholm
at the European Constitution Symposium Identity is a bloody business. Religion, nationality, or race may not be the primary causes of war and mass murder. These are more likely to be tyranny, or greed for territory, wealth, and power. But "identity" is what gets the blood boiling, what makes people do unspeakable things to their neighbors. It is the fuel used by agitators to set whole countries on fire. When the world is reduced to a battle between "us and them," Germans and Jews, Hindus and Muslims, Catholics and Protestants, Hutus and Tutsis, only mass murder will do, for "we" can only survive if "they" are slaughtered. Before we kill them, "they" must be stripped of our common humanity, by humiliating them, degrading them, and giving them numbers instead of names. http://www.nybooks.com/articles/15241 Ett dilemma för Europa Europa skulle tjäna mycket på en gemensam utrikes- och försvarspolitik. Samtidigt skulle inte unionens vanliga kontrollmekanismer fungera på dessa områden. Vill man utöka samarbetet, ja, då krävs drastiska förändringar av hur EU fungerar. Europa skulle behöva politiska institutioner som är mer typiska för en federation. "The euro is one of the best catalysts
for people to identify with Europe" Since 1 January 2002, over 300 million of us have been using the euro in our everyday lives. The introduction of notes and coins was the final milestone for the euro to be adopted fully by all the people of the twelve participating countries. This key moment was undeniably a success. Over 80% of the citizens concerned were satisfied with the way in which the euro notes and coins were launched. Furthermore, they adopted the new notes and coins with great enthusiasm. Having said that, the euro has actually been a reality since 1 January 1999, when it officially replaced the old national currencies. It assumed its place on the financial markets and in commercial transactions. Even though it has weakened against the dollar as a result of macro-economic trends, it has created a large area of monetary stability, which is a vitally important guarantee of economic development. The launch of the euro is already a thing of the past, but our common currency has a bright future. The enlargement procedure will inevitably lead to a significant enlargement of the euro area, since all the new members will ultimately join the monetary union. In addition, the euro will continue gradually carving out a role for itself as a reference currency for the whole world. The process may seem rather slow, but the euro is still very young ! Finally, and most importantly, the euro is one of the best catalysts for people to identify with Europe. Using the same coins and the same notes in Helsinki, Rome, Paris or Dublin is an act charged with significance. History has shown that a shared currency fosters the development of a sense of belonging to a single entity. Of course, the euro cannot achieve that in isolation. It is important that other steps in the construction of Europe should follow in future, with the next step forward being the enlargement of the Union.
"Yes, Minister" They do not make headline-grabbing soundbites, they do not boast
about their influence, and if you met them in the street you would not
recognise them. But you would be foolish to ignore them. Robert A Dahl Filosofen Jürgen Habermas har argumenterat för en europeisk författning. Han är ute och cyklar, hävdar statsvetarnas statsvetare - Robert A Dahl. Den amerikanske professorn argumenterar mot tron på att postnationell demokrati är möjlig. Visionärerna leker farliga lekar med mycket explosiva krafter, skriver Dahl. Är demokrati i den postnationella världen möjlig? Does the euro entail closer political
integration? Is it the end, or the beginning? A single currency for Europe was dreamed of by Charlemagne and Napoleon. Plans for one were formed then abandoned in the 1970s. The decision to go ahead was eventually taken at a European Union summit in the Dutch town of Maastricht in 1991. Onlookers, groping to capture the significance of the event, note that no currency has circulated so widely in Europe since the Roman empire. It is a provocative comparison, for it raises the biggest political question about the venture. Will the euro, the most dramatic building-block so far in the making of a new Europe, inexorably lead to a pan-European political union? Or is it just a convenient currency and nothing more? Defenders of the just a currency line point out that countries can share a currency without political unity. Many eminent European leaders do indeed believe that the euro is not merely a symbol of European unity but also the potential instrument to drive a whole new round of political integration. Joschka Fischer, Germany's foreign minister, argued in a speech last year that the creation of the euro was a profoundly political act. The European Union, in his view, must now make good the shortfall in political integration. Supporters of the euro hope to turn it into an opportunity for further integration. Mr Prodi says openly that the lack of economic flexibility in the euro-zone means that some day there will be a crisis and new economic-policy instruments will be created. The stability pact, far from creating more of the flexibility that Mr Prodi craves, actually creates less. The true flexibility that Europe needs ought to come from scrapping remaining barriers to competition and further deregulating labour and product marketschanges that many governments, including Germany's, are resisting. The notion that the euro would impel closer political integration was not spelled out when the members of the euro-zone first agreed to the idea of a single currency. Until further notice, enough is enough. Sverige har inget EMU-val
Carl Bildts veckobrev v51/2001 om Laeken Undertecknarna av denna skrivelse ifrågasätter starkt det riktiga i att Riksdagen skall ta ställning till ett fördragsförslag som redan har fallit genom att det irländska folket i en folkomröstning röstat emot fördraget. Margit Gennser (m) Bengt-Ola Ryttar (s) Lars Ohly (v) Sven Bergström (c) Lotta Nilsson Hedström (mp) Björn von der Esch (kd) Skall riksdagen
följa grundlagen?
Bör den Europeiska Unionen utvecklas i mer federalistisk riktning eller är det snarare skyddet för medlemsstaternas enskilda intressen som bör stärkas? Och vad innebär egentligen federalism i detta ammanhang? Ger den berömda subsidiaritetsprincipen tillräcklig vägledning? Och hur kan EU:s legitimitet och demokratiska förankring stärkas? Dessa frågor utgör utgångspunkten för antologin EU-skvadern Om den Europeiska Unionens konstitutionella framtid. Boken "En olaglig folkomröstning" /EMU/ av Joakim Nergelius EU:s val är konstitutionellt
(EU-skvadern) German conservatives call for
EU constitution France and Germany back EU constitution
Britain's role in Europe Ny
grundlag EU-regering
ersätter ministerrådet? Göran Perssons tal om EU i
Berlin UK Parliament ratifies
the Treaty of Nice THE UNITED
KINGDOM, THE EU AND THE WORLD PARLIAMENTARY
DEMOCRACY UK wants EU 'super council' Britain is considering putting forward proposals to entrench the authority of the European Union's three biggest powers in a body similar to the United Nations Security Council. Its potentially explosive plan to recognise formally the predominance of Germany, France and the UK when the union expands from 15 to 25 members will upset smaller member states, and Spain and Italy. UK officials insist, however, that decision-making of the government heads of the European Council is already close to unworkable, and could be paralysed when up to 10 extra nations from southern and eastern Europe join in 2004. France and Germany back EU
constitution France and Germany have called for a European constitution describing it as "an essential step in the historic process of European integration". The 78th Franco-German summit took place less than a month before The Laeken summit, on 14 and 15 December, where European institutional reforms will top the agenda. Some EU states are uneasy about the idea of a European constitution, fearing that it could erode national sovereignty. The UK has fought against the charter of fundamental rights acquiring binding force. The Europe we want The Wake-up call to Europe highlights that the European Union has been losing momentum and it is suffering from a loss of identity because of the lack of any common political project beyond that of enlargement. The text seeks, under the headline The Europe we want to stimulate the EU leaders to target ambitious reforms and encourages a realistic political project which is able to generate new ambitions and provide a sense of direction to the current phase of European unification, stands a chance of reversing the longer term loss of momentum, the crisis of European identity, and an increasing disillusionment on the part of Europes citizens. As for our European project, the 12 former leaders highlight the main points that should be considered in order to give new impetus to the European integration and to avoid a halt: the Charter of Fundamental Rights should be incorporated into the EU Treaties, the Commission's President and its composition should be linked to the results of European Parliament elections, the European Parliament should exercise all legislative and budgetary powers in co-decision with the Council, majority voting should be used as a rule in the Council of Minister, and temporary parliamentary conventions associating national parliaments should be set up to debate constitutional matters such as accession Treaties, changes to EU treaties, of the EUs financial resources. The manifesto was signed by Helmut Schmidt, Giuliano Amato, Etienne Davignon, Jean-Luc Dehaene, Helmut Kohl, Felipe Gonzalez, Jacques Santer, Peter Sutherland, Karel van Miert, Mario Soares, Maria Lourdes Pintassilgo and Lord Jenkins. See also: Karl Marx and Frederick Engels Manifesto of the Communist Party 1848 Giscard dEstaing favour a EU with
federal powers Former French President Valery Giscard dEstaing believes that a European Union with federal competences should be the model for the future of the European Union, as setting up a European federation is at present not realistic and a federation of nation states is a too rigid concept. Speaking before the Constitutional Affairs Committee of the European Parliament on the future of Europe, the former French President also raised questions on the modalities of adoption and on the content of a European constitution. Giscard demands large salary for EU
work The former French president, Mr Valery Giscard dEstaing has asked a tax-free salary of 20,000 euro per month for his work as chair of the EU Convention, preparing reforms of the EU treaties and drafting a European Constitution. The salary would be at the level of the EU Commission president. Also at a top-level diplomatic meeting on Thursday Mr dEstaing asked a luxury suite of rooms in Brussels, private offices and a handpicked team of between 10 and 12 people to assist the work, according to Belgian newspaper La Libre Belgique. One of the problems is now how to finance these demands of Giscard d'Estaing's.
Meeting of 150 academics in Brussels next week At the invitation of President Romano Prodi and Viviane Reding, Commissioner responsible for relations with the academic world, 150 academics involved in the Jean Monnet network will meet in Brussels on 15 and 16 October to take part in the debate on the future of Europe in the run-up to the Laeken European Council. The academics, joined by Members of the European Parliament and Commission representatives, will discuss the constitutional architecture of the European Union, the distribution and monitoring of powers, the Charter of Fundamental Rights, governance and institutional models in an enlarged European Union. Motion till riksdagen Riksdagen tillkännager för regeringen som sin mening vad som i motionen anförs om
Motion till riksdagen 2001/02: I regeringens proposition 2001/02:8 föreslås riksdagen godkänna Nicefördraget. Enligt de regler som gällr inom EU för att godkänna nya avtal krävs att alla medlemsländer skall godkänna detta i enlighet med e grundlagsregler som gäller för varje medlemsland. Alla länder måste godkänna avtalet för att detta skall träda i kraft. Det räcker att ett land förkastar avtalet för att detta enligt reglerna skall falla. Förslag till riksdagsbeslut 1.Riksdagen beslutar att avslå regeringens proposition 2001/02:8. Purpose of text "Nationalstaten värd att
värna" Föreställningen om den enande nationen har spelat en vital roll i skapandet av svensk modernitet, demokrati och välfärd. Idag befinner sig nationalstaten i en genomgripande omvandlingsfas, utmanad av globala kapitalflöden, internationell migration och transnationell brottslighet. Som historiker känner jag mig manad att bemöta den svartmålning av den svenska självbilden som min kollega Håkan Arvidsson för fram under Aktuella frågor den 18 oktober. Det är oklart för mig vad Arvidsson egentligen menar med detta, men det utesluter uppenbarligen tanken på att föreställningen om en svensk nation i sig någonsin skulle ha haft någon betydelse för våra framgångar i att bygga ett välfärdssamhälle. Detta ställningstagande tycks vara mera styrt av Arvidssons ideologiskt betingade avsky för svensk nationalism än av hans historiska insikter. Poängen i sammanhanget är att den svenska välfärden, liksom demokratin, var, och är fortfarande, just svensk. Det hade varit omöjligt att skapa politisk legitimitet för de svenska välfärdsprojekten under 1900-talet om inte den stora majoriteten av svenskarna hade föreställt sig nationen som en horisontell gemenskap, präglad, åtminstone i teorin, av solidaritet och omtanke om de andra medlemmarna av nationen. Denna "föreställda gemenskap", för att citera Benedict Anderson, var och är fortfarande, en nödvändig förutsättning för att invånarna i Sverige skulle sluta upp kring de nationella projekten - politiska, ekonomiska såväl som sociala - och vara beredda att göra uppoffringar för andra medlemmar av nationen som de inte hade någon personlig anknytning till och aldrig hade träffat. Trots de många illdåd som genom historien har begåtts i nationens namn kräver en nyanserad behandling av nationalismen att även dess vitalt nödvändiga roll i skapandet av modernitet, demokrati och välfärd, särskilt under 1900-talet, beaktas. Nationalstaten är fortfarande - och nu i större utsträckning än någonsin tidigare i historien - den ram inom vilken demokratier existerar och verkar. Trots den legitimitetskris som de politiska institutionerna i många västerländska länder upplever åligger det dem som vill rasera dessa institutioner att visa på trovärdiga demokratiska alternativ till de nationella politiska institutionerna. Inom det området är erfarenheterna från EU hittills inte särskilt upplyftande. Om man vill se en uppluckring av nationalstatens institutioner till förmån för stigande internationell integration bör man också säga något om hur de nya institutionerna skall utformas för att främja värden som demokrati, rättvisa och jämlikhet. Annars riskerar svartmålandet av nationen, mer än något annat, att gynna en utveckling mot global rovdriftskapitalism, tjänstemannavälde, europeisk självtillräcklighet och ökande klyftor mellan rika och fattiga i världen.
Ur boken "En Europeisk nation eller nationernas
Europa? "Snart bildas nytt konservativt parti"
Sluta ducka om EU,
Göran Persson EU:s vitbok ökar
misstron Kräv ett förändrat
Europa i stället En politisk dinosaurie (EUs
toppmöten) Reformera Sveriges grundlag Den konstitutionella revolutionen
Ett
större EU kräver förändring EMU
är politik, inte ekonomi Förbundsrepubliken
Europa? The European Orchestra Tyskland skissar på kraftigt
förändrat EU German proposal for EU
Government acquis communautaire Hoover Digest, 2000 No.
4 - Historiskt, sade utrikesminister Anna Lindh EU kräver bland annat att Makedonien förbättrar de mänskliga rättigheterna och skapar ett rättvist, multietniskt samhälle..... mera Federativ modell kan lösa EU:s
demokratiproblem Subsidiaritetsprincipen, Persson!
EU official website The Future of Europe Debate Ordförande Perssons inleder debatten The euro-zone
does not need political union to avoid economic domination by the US, Europeisk nationalstat ett
dödfött projekt Mannen som formulerar reaktionen
I
Nådens År Noll Rolf Englund: Tankar om den Europeiska Centralbanken Democratic Values and the Currency by Rt Hon Michael Portillo, IEA (Timbros storasyster) Nice result: Seats in the European Council - "Rådet" Nice result: Seats in the European Parliament How to combine a
deepening and widening of the European Union Nice try
Finanstidningen 2000-12-08 Godmorgon - men i vilket land? På torsdagen somnade vi alla i Konungariket Sverige, men i vilket land vaknade vi i på fredagen? I Sverige eller i embryot till USE, United States of Europe? I dag, fredag, går EUs regeringskonferens i Nice in på slutvarvet, en lång helgs pratande, förhandlande och schackrande som till sist lär sluta som det alltid brukar göra: ett nytt fördrag har manglats fram och ännu några myrsteg har tagits i EUs successiva omvandling från ett mellanstatligt samarbetsorgan med vissa överstatliga inslag till en paneuropeisk statsbildning. Göran Persson intervjuad i SvD 2000-12-04 A middle way for Europe Rau backs change to EU parliament The real tests for a more integrated
Europe Ur EU riskerar att
förlamas If this isn't a superstate in the making,
then what is? The biggest problem with Europes
economic and monetary union is not the decline in the external value of the
euro.
Revolution i EU-nämnden SvD-ledare 2000-11-06 Om
Göran Persson och kommissionen Blue Print for a Superstate Our constitution for
Europe European Union Regeringarnas eller medborgarnas Europa?
A crisis of legitimacy - by Larry
Siedentop, Financial Times Javier Solana: EU bygger på nationerna och det är därifrån vi hämtar demokratisk legitimitet. ATT ÄNTLIGEN FÖRENA öst och
väst är EU:s djärvaste och viktigaste projekt - en historisk
möjlighet att skapa en alleuropeisk fredsordning och att konsolidera
demokratin i hela Europa. Otmar Issing: Two
speeches, one by Joschka Fischer, the German foreign minister, the second by
Jacques Chirac, the French president, have revived an old debate: Enlargement presents a chance to put right
all that is wrong with the EU Europeiska lösningar - nationella
opinioner Riksbankens chefsjurist Robert Sparve
på DN Debatt 2000-07-22 Sverker Gustavsson FD, prof. i statskunskap Bristande politisk stadga
är vad som sänker euron Goldmann, Kjell, professor: Skilda identiteter - gemensamt folkstyre Beate Kohler-Koch: En
författning för Europa? EUROPA-PERSPEKTIV 2000 Göran Persson om EMU och federalismen, i boken "Den som är satt i skuld är icke fri" Regeringskonferensen som förhandlar fram förslag till ändringar i EU:s grundfördrag. Petersson, Olof Sandström, Gustaf,domare i Regeringsrätten SNS författningsprojekt utger nu boken Europas författning. Riksbankens chefsjurist Robert Sparve på DN Debatt 2000-07-22 Spanish Prime Minister against the creation
of a federal Europe Europe's guaranteed gridlock (Nice
Treaty) The voters know its not the economy,
stupid About DEMOCRACY IN EUROPE by Larry
Siedentop Spanish Prime Minister against the
creation of a federal Europe Spanish Prime Minister Jose Maria Aznar said he was against the creation of a federal Europe and warned that Spain would reject a big vision federal blueprint for the European Union. Speaking at a conference of his ruling Popular Party, Jose Maria Aznar stressed Spain would have a more pragmatic approach, promoting action to tackle problems such as unemployment, and improved cooperation between European Union states in the fight against organized crime and terrorism, reports The Telegraph. Spains stance on the future of the European Union is crucial as the country is taking over the European Union rotating Presidency next January, at an important moment of the debate on the European Unions future, ahead of the next reforms negotiations, planned for 2004.
Behind Voter Apathy, A Silent Revolution Pedro Solbes, Kommissnär
för Economic and Monetary Affairs, European
Suprastatism and Democratic Accountability Van den
Hauwe, Ludwig Dieter
Schmidtchen, Robert Cooter Externa länkar: |